The Indigenous World 2024: Nicaragua

Written on 22 March 2024. Posted in Nicaragua

Nicaragua has seven Indigenous Peoples. In the Pacific, centre and north can be found the Chorotega (221,000), the Cacaopera or Matagalpa (97,500), the Ocanxiu or Sutiaba (49,000) and the Nahoa or Nahuatl (20,000). In addition, the Caribbean (or Atlantic) coast is inhabited by the Miskitu (150,000), the Sumu or Mayangna (27,000) and the Rama (2,000). Other peoples who also enjoy collective rights, according to the Political Constitution of Nicaragua (1987), are the Afro-descendants, known as the Creole or Kriol (43,000) and Garifuna (2,500). In 1979, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) took power in Nicaragua and were later opposed by the U.S.-funded and armed “Contras”.

Peasants from the Pacific Coast and Indigenous Peoples from the Caribbean Coast participated in the Contras. In 1987, following a friendly settlement of the conflict through the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) aimed at putting an end to Indigenous resistance, the FSLN created the Autonomous Regions of the Northern Caribbean Coast (RACCN) and Southern Caribbean Coast (RACCS), based on a Statute of Autonomy (Law No. 28). Through the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (I/A Court HR) judgment in the case of the Mayangna (Sumo) of Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua in 2001, Law No. 445 on the Communal Property Regime of the Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Communities of the Autonomous Regions of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua and of the Bocay, Coco, Indio and Maíz rivers, among others, was enacted. This law recognizes the communities’ right to self-government and creates a procedure for the titling of territories. In 2005, the State began the titling process for the 23 Indigenous and Afro-descendant territories in the RACCN and RACCS, culminating in the issuing of property titles. In 2007, Nicaragua voted in favour of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and in 2010 ratified ILO Convention 169. In 2015, the Alliance of Indigenous and Afro-descendant Peoples of Nicaragua was formed.

The Mayangna Sauni As Territory in the context of the internal colonization of Nicaragua’s Caribbean Coast

In the case of the Mayangna (Sumo) of Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua (2001),[1] the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I/A Court HR) recognized that the Indigenous Peoples own the land collectively, in the sense that such ownership is not centred on the individual but rather on the community, as well as on the close relationship these peoples have with their lands:

 (...) the fundamental basis of their cultures, their spiritual life, their integrity, and their economic survival. For Indigenous communities, relations to the land are not merely a matter of possession and production but a material and spiritual element which they must fully enjoy, even to preserve their cultural legacy and transmit it to future generations.[2]

On the basis of the judgment in the case of the Indigenous community of Awas Tingni and by means of Law No. 445[3] (2003), 23 territories[4] of the Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast were subsequently titled, with the Mayangna Sauni As Territory (TMSA) being one of the first in 2016,[5] along with the other Indigenous territories in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve.[6]

The TMSA, the major portion of which is located in the core zone of Bosawás, covers an area of 1,638.10 km² and has a population of approximately 12,200 people living in 24 Indigenous communities.[7]

Despite this titling, the State of Nicaragua is currently implementing a policy of internal colonization[8] by promoting the in-migration of non-Indigenous people – settlers or third parties[9] – who have taken over the livelihoods and degraded the environment of the Indigenous territories[10] through the expansion of the agricultural frontier and extensive cattle ranching,[11] in addition to monoculture plantations of crops such as African palm (Elaeis guineensis),[12] and the implementation of neo-extractivist policies.[13] Through forestry companies linked to the State[14] and also through the Nicaraguan Mining Company (Empresa Nicaragüense de Minas / ENIMINAS),[15] the State has granted concessions for metal mining[16] over approximately 23% of the national territory,[17], 66% of the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve and 41% of the TMSA. The Oakland Institute reveals who the shareholders of these mining companies are.^[18]

Mining concessions cover 41% of the Mayangna Sauni As Territory

As can be seen from a map of the concessions granted in the Mayangna Sauni As Territory,[19] produced on the basis of information from the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)[20] and the mining company Calibre Mining Corp,[21] contrary to the publicity issued by this company,[22] the authorities and Indigenous leaders are protesting because the concessions were granted without any due consultation[23] since the State has established “parallel governments”[24] and spurious authorities in order to grant the concessions behind the backs of the communities.[25]

Of the 1,638 km² that make up the TMSA, 11 concessions have been granted over 666 of them, a further one appears as requested and another as declared, giving a total of 13 lots issued or to be issued to mining companies.

Attacks and encroachment onto the TMSA

As denounced by their traditional Indigenous leaders,[27] the Mayangna and Miskito Indigenous communities of the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve and the Wangki (Coco) River Basin, in the Autonomous Region of the Northern Caribbean Coast (RACCN), have been under attack from heavily armed criminal gangs of settlers for almost a decade;[28] invasions by non-Indigenous settlers have been reducing the areas under the use and control of the Indigenous communities of the TMSA. Armed settlers are surrounding the territory and dispossessing community members of their traditional lands through systematic violence, all with the acquiescence of the State.

This violence can be seen in the Map of TMSA Violence 2013-2023,[29] put together jointly with community members and leaders and pinpointing the 24 communities that make up the TMSA; the sectors where the communities carry out some specific uses; the communities set on fire by armed gangs; the areas invaded by settlers and which cover 60% of the TMSA; and the attacks that have left fatalities, injuries, and victims of kidnapping, as well as victims of sexual violence.

The settlers repel the Indigenous people with threats, shootings, kidnappings, and torture. In most cases, the bodies of the Indigenous people who are murdered show signs of torture and mutilation, undertaken to instil terror and discourage access to places where the natural assets and traditional livelihoods of the Indigenous people are located. Due to this constant danger and harassment by settlers, women and children[30] are forced to remain isolated and confined to their homes. New diseases are furthermore appearing in Indigenous communities, and the women are being separated or excluded from communal and territorial governance structures.

The violent invasions are restricting access to the forests where communities gather fruits and medicinal plants, and where they also hunt and obtain the protein element of their diet. In addition, deforestation and the change in land use due to the planting of pasture for extensive cattle raising is affecting the flow of rivers and therefore movement via traditional canoe, as well as the quantity and quality of water for human consumption and subsistence fishing due to cyanide spills from mining activities.[31] Agricultural areas and cultural and spiritual spaces are also affected.

From impunity to prosecution

Consistent with the policy of internal colonization of Nicaragua’s Caribbean coast, structural discrimination is promoted,[32] evidenced by the fact that, to date, the only people convicted for the attacks systematically perpetrated against Indigenous communities for almost a decade have been eight Indigenous forest rangers, with 25 others being pursued by the National Police.^[33] The first TMSA authorities and leaders to be tried and convicted were: Dionisio Robins Zacarías, active member of the Moravian church and volunteer forester in the Indigenous community of Saubí; Donald Andrés Bruno Arcángel, active member of the Moravian church and volunteer forester in the Indigenous community of Kibusna; Argüello Celso Lino, school teacher and community judge in the community of Suniwás; and Ignacio Celso Lino, community trustee in the community of Suniwás. They were arrested and accused of the Kiwakumbaih massacre, despite the survivors of the massacre maintaining that this crime was perpetrated by the criminal gang of settlers[34] led by Isabel Meneses alias “Chabelo”. They were nonetheless tried, sentenced to life imprisonment[35] and are currently suffering torture in prison.[36] On 10 July 2023, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered the State of Nicaragua to release the four TMSA authorities and leaders.[37]

The State of Nicaragua has not complied with the measure, just as it has not complied with around 15 other protective measures granted by the Inter-American Human Rights System in favour of the Indigenous communities that have suffered systematic attacks from settlers and their criminal gangs since 2015. Nor has it listened to the clamour of the Indigenous authorities and leaders in this regard.[38] The violence in the TMSA increased with the arrival of mining companies in 2020, with killings in Alal,[39] in Kiwakumbaih in 2021[40] and in Wilú in March 2023,[41] despite the community of Wilú already having precautionary measures[42] in place from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), measures that the State of Nicaragua has not complied with.

The IACHR this year recognized the deepening repression being suffered by the Indigenous communities of Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast.[43] For its part, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights[44] denounced the assassinations in Wilú and in Alal in 2023. According to the monitoring of the Centre for Legal Assistance to Indigenous Peoples (CALPI), between 2013 and 2023[45] 117 Indigenous community members were the direct victims of attacks in the TMSA, although 12,200 members across the 24 communities of the TMSA have suffered the usurpation of their territory; 30 houses have been burned; 29 Indigenous people – including two women – have been killed and 76 Indigenous people – including minors – have been attacked, kidnapped, wounded or injured and sexually assaulted by settlers; in addition, 12 Indigenous authorities, leaders and community members have been illegally detained by the National Police.[46] During 2023 alone, at least one of the following occurred:

 *Additionally, two Indigenous people were killed outside the TMSA although inside Bosawás.

Some Indigenous people are suffering from the lasting effects of these attacks, such as damaged organs, the loss of fingers or upper or lower limbs, bullets that have not been removed from their bodies and/or the psychological effects of suffering sexual aggression or of children witnessing the murder of their father or relatives.[47] However, none of these people are receiving medical or psychosocial assistance from the State, and the non-governmental organizations that have traditionally supported them have been arbitrarily declared illegal.[48] Constant threats and a lack of food production are resulting in forced displacements of members of Indigenous communities.

In contrast, Nicaragua's gold exports broke all records in 2023,[49] despite sanctions imposed by the United States on the Nicaraguan Mining Company (Eniminas),[50] coupled with State acquiescence towards the systematic attacks being perpetrated by criminal gangs. These are acts that could constitute crimes against humanity – persecution based on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural or religious grounds – as they are forcing these Indigenous communities to the brink of extermination, among other things by depriving them of access to food, leaving them totally defenceless with their own territories already in the process of internal colonization.[51] All these actions are taking place against a backdrop of serious human rights violations, in which Indigenous communities are being deprived of the right not to be culturally assimilated, to conceive of their development in accordance with their worldview, to exercise their right to self-determination as peoples and to maintain the physical and mental integrity of their members, as well as the right of women to live free from violence. For all these reasons, a genocide could be taking place in the TMSA.[52]

Dr. María Luisa Acosta is coordinator of the Centre for Legal Assistance to Indigenous Peoples (CALPI). Contact: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; http://calpi-nicaragua.com

This article is part of the 38^th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous man harvesting quinoa in Sunimarka, Peru. This photo was taken by Pablo Lasansky, and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2024 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2024 in full here

Notes and references

^[1] I/A Court HR, “Ficha Técnica del caso de la Comunidad Mayangna (Sumo) AwasTingni Vs. Nicaragua. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/cf/jurisprudencia2/ficha_tecnica.cfm?nId_Ficha=240

^[2] I/A Court HR, “Case of the Mayangna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua. Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of 31 August 2001”, Serie C No. 79. Para. 149. https://caselaw.ihrda.org/fr/entity/apxgm5zqmv7

^[3] National Assembly of the Republic of Nicaragua. “Ley de Régimen de Propiedad Comunal de los Pueblos Indígenas y Comunidades Étnicas de las Regímenes Autónomas de la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua y de los Ríos Bocay, Coco, Indio y Maíz”, Gaceta Nacional 16. Law No. 445 of 13 December 2002.https://www.fao.org/forestry/13017-0582583ff7555a791ab39835763a7d42f.pdf

^[4] “Comandante-Presidente Daniel entrega títulos comunitarios a pueblos originarios de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua”, El 19 Digital, 26 October 2016. https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:48337-comandante-presidente-daniel-entrega-titulos-comunitarios-a-pueblos-originarios-de-la-costa-caribe-de-nicaSalinas

^[5] Conadeti Executive Committee, “Informe Ejecutivo de la Conadeti y las CIDT’s al 30 de junio del Año 2013”. 30 June 2013. https://www.poderjudicial.gob.ni/pjupload/costacaribe/pdf/informe_costacaribe3006.pdf

^[6] The Bosawás Natural Resource Reserve was created in 1991 by means of Executive Decree 44-91and, later, in October 1997, at the request of the Government of Nicaragua, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) elevated it to the category of Biosphere Reserve. It is therefore now also a World Heritage Site. It is one of the largest areas of forest north of the Amazon, covering 15% of the national territory, and is of great ethnic and cultural relevance. It has an approximate area of 2,042,535.91 hectares(*), divided into two very different zones. The first is a core zone of 735,491.35 hectares, composed of undisturbed primary forests; the second zone covers an area of 1,307,044.56 hectares and acts as a buffer zone, comprising the territories of the municipalities of Waslala, Bonanza, Siuna, Waspan, Wiwilí and Cuá-Bocay, the latter covering 30% of the reserve's territory, located in the Caribbean region, and representing approximately 25% of Nicaragua's Atlantic Biological Corridor.

^[7] The TMSA communities known as Alal, Pisba Was, Kibusna, Wilú, Tuybangkana, Paniawas, Anibusna, Musawás, Kauhmakwas, Wingpulu, Sabawas, Sukli, Bilwas-Waslam Dakna, Krima (Tûna Walang), Sutakwas, Yapuwas, Wassah, Sulún, Father Was, Kauh Bûl (Betlehem), Suniwás, Sauni and Sakalwás.

^[8] OPIA. “Exclusión, complicidad y colonización. Violaciones a DDHH en comunidades indígenas del Muskitia Norte en Nicaragua”. November 2023. https://opianic.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Exclusion-complicidad-y-colonizacion.pdf

^[9] Pursuant to Art. 3 of Law No. 445, third parties are "natural or legal persons, other than communities, who claim property rights within a communal land or an Indigenous territory”.

^[10] A study of the impact of these invasions on the lives of Indigenous Peoples, carried out during 2019 by NITLAPAN and CEJUDHCAN, indicates that they have resulted in the forced displacement of 3,008 Indigenous people, of which 2,151 belonged to seven communities of the Wangki Li Aubra territory; 629 belonged to the four communities of the Wangki Twi Tasba Raya territory; and 228 to the Indigenous community of Wiwinak, in the Li Lamni Tasbaika Kum territory. Those displaced were mostly Indigenous women and children and the places they were displaced to were largely the municipal capitals of the RACCN, such as the cities of Bilwi and Waspám, respectively. People from the communities of the Wangki Li Aubra territory and the Wiwinak community have been displaced and have taken refuge in Miskitu communities bordering the Republic of Honduras, such as Suji, Pransa and Rus Rus.

^[11] Who are the owners of the meat industry in Nicaragua? There are seven slaughterhouses in Nicaragua that are certified to export meat. Most of them are associated with strong financial groups that are involved in different sectors of the economy. One of the main owners of Matadero Central S.A. (MACESA) is the Zamora family, of the Lafise financial group, while Industria Comercial San Martín is linked to Grupo Ayucus, founded by Eduardo Fernández Holmann, former CEO of Grupo Financiero Uno. Industrias Cárnicas Integradas S.A. (ICI-Nicaragua) is linked to the Banpro group and supplies Walmart stores in Central America and Mexico, as well as supermarkets in El Salvador. Nuevo Carnic S.A., on the other hand, is owned by a group of businessmen, some of whom are linked to the Sandinista revolution of the 1980s. Novaterra is Costa Rican-owned and, finally, Ganadería Integral Nicaragua S.A. belongs to SuKarne, a giant in the Mexican meat industry which, in 2015, inaugurated a production plant in Nicaragua. The three main markets for Nicaraguan meat are the United States, Mexico and El Salvador. Almost half of the meat goes to the United States, 18% to Mexico and 17% to El Salvador. In 2020, the country became the third largest meat supplier to the United States. Meanwhile, the country continues to lose forest cover and Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities are becoming the victims of increasingly violent attacks. Arellano, Astrid. “Este gobierno, en materia de protección de los recursos naturales, ha sido el peor que ha tenido Nicaragua en su historia”. Interview, Mongabay, 2 June 2023. https://es.mongabay.com/2023/07/este-gobierno-en-materia-de-proteccion-de-los-recursos-naturales-ha-sido-el-peor-que-ha-tenido-nicaragua-en-su-historia-entrevista/

^[12] López, Julio. “Nicaragua: Palma africana se expande sin control y presiona a productores”. Mongabay, 23 January 2019. https://es.mongabay.com/2019/01/palma-africana-en-nicaragua/?fbclid=IwAR3FLJKvvxmSqcYzRCyzQkKd84Aqxf5fHY0VWjAd5sl5U6Djfb9V4ecFQCM

^[13] Ruíz, Amaru, “Neo-extractivismo: El modelo de saqueo y despojo impuesto para la Muskitia de Nicaragua”, Fundación del Río, 23 November 2023. https://fundaciondelrio.com/2023/11/23/neo-extractivismo-el-modelo-de-saqueo-y-despojo-impuesto-para-la-muskitia-de-nicaragua/

^[14] “El Ruinoso Legado de Alba Forestal”, Divergentes, 1 September 2021. https://www.divergentes.com/el-ruinoso-legado-de-alba-forestal/

^[15] “Qué se sabe de la enigmática Eniminas y por qué EE. UU. puso su mirada en esa empresa vinculada al oro en Nicaragua”, La Prensa, 11 January 2022. https://www.laprensani.com/2022/01/11/economia/2934664-que-se-sabe-de-la-enigmatica-eniminas-y-por-que-ee-uu-puso-su-mirada-en-una-empresa-estatal-vinculada-al-oro-en-nicaragua

^[16] Olivares, Iván, “Gigantescas concesiones mineras preocupan a ambientalistas”, Confidencial, 30 July 2023. https://confidencial.digital/nacion/gigantescas-concesiones-mineras-preocupan-a-ambientalistas/

^[17] Fundación del Río, “Boletín de Monitoreo: Nicaragua y su Oro Perverso”. 14 July 2022. https://fundaciondelrio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Nicaraguaysuoroperverso.pdf

^[18] “Entre el fracaso de las sanciones de EE. UU. en Nicaragua, los indígenas pagan el precio de la fiebre del oro”. 1 February 2024. https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/entre-el-fracaso-de-las-sanciones-de-ee-uu-en-nicaragua-los-ind%C3%ADgenas-pagan-el-precio-de-la-fiebre?fbclid=IwAR3MVAyp5uvq72Ybz1kKszm9qY4dpYHRRv4gchERIqRuQ7HOn0pRh1yO9sM

^[19] Map of the Concessions granted in the Mayangna Sauni Territory As of 1 November 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RYyAs1V4Wy2HfuJ8Ps-FW6i1AVS5ZuuC/view?usp=sharing

^[20] Ministry of Energy and Mines of Nicaragua, “Solicitudes de Concesión Minera y Concesiones Mineras”. 1 June 2021. https://www.mem.gob.ni/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LISTA_CONCESIONES_MINERAS_010621.pdf

^[21] Calibre Mining Corp (@CalibreMiningCo), “Calibre announces drill results from the resource conversion and expansion program within its 100% owned, Eastern Borosi Mine Complex, located in northeastern #Nicaragua”, 18 May 2023. https://twitter.com/CalibreMiningCo/status/1659226597776302082?t=TeF1WuTVIr5Rw4awM_ck9Q&s=08

^[22] Calibre Mining Corp (@CalibreMiningCo), “At Calibre we base our actions on our Indigenous Peoples Standard”, 11 August 2023. https://twitter.com/CalibreMiningCo/status/1689997074522058752?s=20

^[23] Centro América 360. “Nicaragua aprueba concesión minera a empresa china en territorios indígenas”. 30 July 2023. https://centroamerica360.com/region/nicaragua-aprueba-concesion-minera-a-empresa-china-en-territorios-indigenas/

^[24] Ulises. “Mayangnas denuncian usurpación de cargos de autoridades territoriales de Sauni As”. Onda Local, 6 June 2023. https://ondalocalni.com/noticias/2117-mayangnas-denuncian-usurpacion-de-cargos-de-autoridades-territoriales-de-sauni-as/

^[25] Artículo 66. “FSLN impone autoridades en territorio indígena Mayangna Sauni As y aumenta tensiones en la zona”. 5 June 2023. https://www.articulo66.com/2023/06/05/fsln-impone-autoridades-territorio-mayagna-sauni-as-aumenta-tensiones/

^[26] The Mining Reserve Areas are administered at the discretion of the MEM and the State-owned company ENIMINAS; a total of 98 mining lots.

^[27] López, Julio. “Stedman Fagoth denuncia despale y ataque de colonos”. Onda Local, 27 November 2021. https://ondalocalni.com/galeria/audios/podcast/751-stedman-fagot-denuncia-despale-ataque-colonos/

^[28] A study of the impact of these invasions on the lives of Indigenous Peoples, carried out during 2019 by NITLAPAN and CEJUDHCAN, indicates that they have resulted in the forced displacement of 3,008 Indigenous people, of which 2,151 belonged to seven communities of the Wangki Li Aubra territory; 629 belonged to the four communities of the Wangki Twi Tasba Raya territory; and 228 to the Indigenous community of Wiwinak, of the Li Lamni Tasbaika Kum territory. Those displaced were mostly Indigenous women and children and the places they were displaced to were mostly the municipal capitals of the RACCN, such as the cities of Bilwi and Waspám, respectively. People from the communities of the Wangki Li Aubra territory and the Wiwinak community have been displaced and taken refuge in Miskitu communities bordering the Republic of Honduras, such as Suji, Pransa and Rus Rus.

^[29] Mapa de Violencia del TMSA 2013-2023, September 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Wu0tBHuLoYshPXgW0LAVOF2eHpEPKA16/view?usp=sharing

^[30] Mujeres Indígenas y Afro, “Video Mujeres indígenas y afro - V1”. 10 November, 2023, YouTube, 9:20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcWsc3z1Fvc

^[31] Carrere, Michelle, “Nicaragua: ambientalistas denuncian falta de información tras derrame de cianuro”, Mongabay, 13 June 2023. https://es.mongabay.com/2023/06/nicaragua-ambientalistas-denuncian-falta-de-informacion-derrame-de-cianuro/

^[32] OMCT, “"... ¡Pues es tortura!” - Análisis de las violencias constitutivas de tortura y malos tratos de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina”, 28 March 2022. https://www.omct.org/site-resources/legacy/%C2%A1...-Pues-es-tortura_2022-03-27-104246_ejxp.pdf

^[33] “Condenan a 22 años de cárcel a cuatro guardabosques indígenas mayangnas”. Confidencial, 10 February 2024. https://confidencial.digital/nacion/condenan-a-22-anos-de-carcel-a-cuatro-guardabosques-indigenas-mayangnas/

^[34] "Nicaragua: Policía encubre a colonos y culpa a indígenas por masacre del 23 de agosto”, Expediente Público, 8 September 2021. https://www.expedientepublico.org/nicaragua-policia-encubre-a-colonos-y-culpa-a-indigenas-por-masacre-del-23-de-agosto/

^[35] "Sentencian a prison perpetua a sujetos de masacre en Bonanza", Radio La Primerísima, 21 April 2022. https://radiouraccansiuna.com/sentencian-a-prision-perpetua-a-sujetos-de-masacre-en-bonanza/

^[36] “Régimen somete a torturas a indígenas condenados por la masacre de Kiwakumbaih”, La Prensa, 31 January 2023. https://www.laprensani.com/2023/01/31/nacionales/3100537-regimen-somete-a-torturas-a-indigenas-condenados-por-masacre-en-la-comunidad-kiwakumbaih

^[37] I/A Court HR, “Corte Interamericana Ordena al Estado de Nicaragua Liberar Inmediatamente a Cuatro Indígenas Mayanga Recluidos en la Prisión ‘La Modelo’.” I/A Court HR press release_CP-42/2023. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/comunicados/cp_42_2023.pdf#:~:text=La%20Corte%20Interamericana%20de%20Derechos%20Humanos%20ha%20notificado,Modelo%E2%80%9D%2C

^[38] “’¡Que Daniel Ortega desaloje y enjuicie a colonos invasores!’, demandan líderes indígenas”, Confidencial, 17 January 2023. https://confidencial.digital/reporte-ciudadano/que-daniel-ortega-desaloje-y-enjuicie-a-colonos-invasores-demandan-lideres-indigenas/

^[39] “Régimen garantiza impunidad en masacre de comunidades indígenas”, Confidencial 7 February 2020. https://confidencial.digital/nacion/regimen-garantiza-impunidad-en-masacre-de-comunidades-indigenas/

^[40] “Familiares de víctimas piden que investiguen a colonos por la masacre indígena en Bosawás”, Expediente Público, 10 September 2021. https://www.expedientepublico.org/familiares-de-victimas-piden-que-investiguen-a-colonos-por-la-masacre-indigena-en-bosawas/

^[41] “Así fue la masacre indígena en Wilú, en la Costa Caribe Norte de Nicaragua”, Divergentes, 18 March 2023. https://www.divergentes.com/asi-fue-la-masacre-indigena-en-wilu-en-la-costa-caribe-norte-de-nicaragua/

^[42] IACHR and OAS, “Indígenas de las Comunidades Musawás, Suniwás y Wilú del Territorio Mayangna Sauni As en la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte respecto de Nicaragua”. Resolution 9/2022 Precautionary Measure No. 505-15. 13 February 2020. https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/mc/2022/res_9-22_mc_505-15_ni_es.pdf

^[43] OEA, “CIDH y RELE: Nicaragua debe cesar represión contra comunidades indígenas de la Costa Caribe”, 10 October 2023. https://www.oas.org/pt/CIDH/jsForm/?File=/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2023/243.asp

^[44] OHCHR, “Nicaragua Update,” 21 June 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2023/06/nicaragua-update

^[45] CALPI, “Monitoreo del Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos Indígenas (CALPI) en Territorio Mayangna Sauni As (TMSA) durante los años 2013-2023 – Victimas en el Territorio Mayangna Sauni As”. https://drive.google.com/file/d/18IgUQmtsNLQCHCiPIR9j_U8LBhebglQJ/view

^[46] CALPI, “Monitoreo del Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos Indígenas (CALPI) durante el año 2023 - Ataques en el Territorio Mayangna Sauni As, Bosawás y Raccn 2023”. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kSfX7mYlCceK4sP9Km-Wu85HjxeSV9-F/view

^[47] “Colonos obligaron a un niño a ver la masacre de indígenas en Bosawás”, Confidencial, 13 September 2021. https://confidencial.digital/nacion/colonos-obligaron-a-un-nino-a-ver-la-masacre-de-indigenas-en-bosawas/

^[48] “Régimen ilegalizó ONG que denunciaba asesinatos y violaciones de los derechos de pueblos indígenas”, Nicaragua Investiga 29 July 2022. https://nicaraguainvestiga.com/politica/89691-regimen-ilegalizo-ong-denunciaba-violaciones-derechos-pueblos-indigenas/

^[49] “Exportaciones de oro de Nicaragua baten récord en 2023, pese a sanciones de EE. UU.”, Confidencial 14 November 2023. https://confidencial.digital/economia/exportaciones-de-oro-de-nicaragua-baten-record-en-2023-pese-a-sanciones-de-ee-uu/

^[50] U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Sanctions Nicaragua Directorate of Mines and Government Official Responsible for Decades of Violence,” 24 October 2022. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1046?_gl=1*1oc01c0*_gcl_au*MjAzODU2NDQ4OS4xNzA4Njg5NzM2

^[51] MAYANGNA WAHAINI RAMHNI TANI (MAWARAT), “The colonisation of Mayangna territories in Nicaragua,” IWGIA, 15 July 2023. https://www.iwgia.org/en/news/5241-the-colonisation-of-mayangna-territories-in-nicaragua.html

^[52] Acosta, María Luisa, “Graves Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos de los Pueblos Indígenas Mískitu y Mayangna en la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte (RACCN) de Nicaragua”, CALPI, 2021. https://www.calpi-nicaragua.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Graves-Violaciones-a-los-DDHH-de-los-PI-RACCN-270621.pdf

Tags: Land rights, Business and Human Rights , Autonomy , International Processes